PERPETUAL ABUSE OF AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS & REFUGEES
by Gabi C. Romeri1
Shall we refuse the unhappy fugitives from distress that hospitality which the savages wilderness extended to our fathers arriving in this land? Shall oppressed humanity find no asylum on this globe?
The Constitution, indeed, has wisely provided that for admission to certain offices of important trust a residence shall be required sufficient to develop character and design. But might not the general character and capabilities of a citizen be safely communicated to every one manifesting a bona fide purpose of embarking his life and fortunes permanently with us.
—Thomas Jefferson: 1st Annual Message, 1801
The Framers of this nation envisioned for us a benevolent, righteous nation that would welcome the stranger. Instead of granting at least temporary shelter to the most persecuted and mistreated among mankind, U.S. refugees are criminalized and commoditized. Negating U.S. law, international human rights and universal values, all laws are being broken so as to exploit and endanger the most immigrants and refugees possible. Because the byproduct of human tragedy is now profit. In the volumes to be written about this period, our nation will be recorded as imprisoning the most citizens and the most immigrants of any nation in modern history. Meanwhile our people will be remembered, at this time, for allowing it. Let’s be sure we understand the costs; not just in money but in human lives and lost innocence. I must warn, it will be difficult to bear the documented abuse of U.S. refugees and American immigrants.
Since Barack Obama’s administration and until the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. detained and deported more immigrants and refugees in any given year—around 400,000 detainees yearly—than all those detained in the 1950s throughout the entire period of our Japanese internment camps; or nearly 350,000 total Japanese-American detainees. Except in U.S. Japanese internment camps, families were allowed to stay together and religious Priests and Nuns were permitted to remain in the camps with families during detainment. There was no systemic torture or abuse and their confinement ended after three years. That’s no longer the case.
Today in the U.S., refugees and asylum seekers are legally denied human rights, dignity, legal representation or freedom, indefinitely. Children in detention as young as six have become suicidal. These American immigrants, traumatized and stateless, are being commoditized for profit and forced into a shadowy labyrinth of private imprisonment, or worse. Their families, Religious workers and even members of our own Congress are granted some to no contact whatsoever. From the time of Bill Clinton through George W. Bush and Obama’s presidency, women repeatedly reported being raped and abused. Under Trump, far worse has surfaced.
With an American public struggling to survive a COVID-19 pandemic during a major election year, all the media focus came off detainees. In the interim, ProPublica and the Texas Tribune, both independent and respected nonprofits, just exposed that female detainees reported, back in 2018, of being gang raped in ICE detention. In Houston: “A Mexican woman said that she was in an ICE facility there in 2018 when she and two female detainees were moved to an isolated cell. Around midnight, three men wearing facial coverings entered the cell. They raped and beat them, according to the complaint. The immigrants were bused to Mexico hours later, where the woman eventually discovered she was pregnant from the assault.” The spokesperson for CoreCivic, which runs that Houston ICE detention center, “denied the allegations,” while the “woman’s attorney, Michelle Simpson Tuegel,” said the “civil lawsuit is ongoing.” In El Paso: a formal complaint filed by a 32-year-old Salvadoran woman who was in detention there and “feared for the detainees still there.” Director of “Las Americas Immigrant Advocacy Center, who filed the complaint,” commented: “It’s awful to think how disposable these women are,” adding: “They are especially vulnerable because many will probably be deported, making it more unlikely that their abusers face consequences.”[1][2] This is far more true for child abusers.
Associated Press just broke a story about unaccompanied infant children and youth being held in hotels along the border. Rather than going through the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), as U.S. law demands, apparently a transport company named MVM, Inc. is taking these youth to hotels, sometimes for days or weeks at a time, prior to deporting them. Equally as horrific: these minors are not being assigned Alien Numbers—the 9-digit tracking code assigned to all new immigrants. At this moment in U.S. history, Amazon tracks packages with more efficiency than our entire U.S. government tracks children. Though perhaps that is the point.
The depravity and impunity resulting from immigrant imprisonment—increasingly for private profit and at enormous expense to U.S. taxpayers—is today so well documented as to be evident. Amnesty International, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, the UN Refugee Rapporteur, ACLU, Human Rights Watch, the Center for Migration Studies, the Women’s Refugee Commission and many others have for years raised the alarm on detainee abuse, negligence, rapes and other crimes constituting “cruel and unusual punishment.” A 2015 report from the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights even stated that detainees are subject to “torture-like conditions.”[3] Such heinous, institutional crimes are in direct violation of the U.S. Constitution and Amendments IV through VIII; roughly half of the nonnegotiable rights from our most basic Bill of Rights, which state clearly ‘no person’ rather than ‘no citizen’ shall have basic rights.
Amendment V: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury… nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.
The Women’s Refugee Commission (WRC) first exposed a culture of rape inside U.S. immigrant detention centers in 2000 at the Krome Detention Center in Miami. After 15 years or reporting on these institutional rapes, when the Karnes Family Detention Center rapes came to light in 2015, the WRC said this: “Rampant sexual assault inside detention facilities has been documented and reported for more than fourteen years. Many of the women inside the Karnes family detention center are domestic violence survivors; many have experienced rape and sexual assault.” Yet rather than ensure their safety, these women were further endangered.[4] According to multiple studies, an estimated 60 to 80% of females trying to reach our southern border are raped at some point in their journey here.[5] It would seem medieval to subject female survivors of rape to more rape and abuse, but that is exactly what is happening.
The Intercept reported on Karnes in 2018: “In 2014, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund filed a complaint reporting widespread allegations of sexual harassment at the Karnes County Residential Center, also in Texas, where more than 500 women were detained with their children. The complaint alleged that guards at the privately run center had been removing women from their cells at night ‘for the purpose of engaging in sexual acts in various parts of the facility,’… and requesting sexual favors in exchange for money or promises of assistance with their immigration cases. In 2015 DHS said it found ‘no evidence’ that women were being sexually assaulted at Karnes.” Nor was there an investigation or reason as to why surveillance video didn’t exist as cameras were turned off in certain rooms and areas.[6]
A Rutger Law Review assessment offered a most damning indictment, back in 2013: “The U.S. immigration detention system, the largest law enforcement operation in the country, operates with structural impunity resulting in the perpetual abuse of the detained population. There are no enforceable regulations and no accountability mechanisms to protect the nearly thirty thousand individuals held in the Department of Homeland Security’s (“DHS”) custody every day. “The culture of abuse” has resulted in “dehumanizing physical, sexual and medical abuse. This structural impunity is exacerbated by the near total privatization of the detention system and corresponding restrictive Supreme Court decisions absolving private-prison companies of liability.”[7] Today this largely for-profit system controls over 52,000 American immigrants, daily.
ICE subcontracts 60 to 70% of its adult detention to private companies like CoreCivic and GEO Group. Rather than assure these vulnerable populations more protection, there was far less. As willful intent goes: private prisons are exempt from FOIA requests, as per our Congress. The Brooklyn Journal of Law explains: “Private prisons are not subject to the same regulations as government prisons. Particularly, private prisons are exempt from the requirements set forth in the Freedom of Information Act and its state equivalents, which provide that the public has an enforceable right to request certain records from government agencies.”[8]
Due to this black hole of Federal oversight, the number of human rights abuses in these private facilities, of negligence, rape, beatings and suicides, has escalated.[9] The crimes resulting from imprisonment for profit are astounding. As the Global Detention Project summarized: “Because the financial penalties from the Bureau of Prisons for privately-run detention centres that fail to meet contractual obligations are so modest, it often costs less for the centres to pay the penalty than to meet the obligation and hire additional medical staff.”[10] In other words, criminal negligence and abuse is modestly fined and becomes the cost of doing business.
The ACLU in 2011 was able to obtain public records providing “a first-ever window into the breadth of the national problem of sexual abuse of detainees in immigration detention facilities.” They detailed allegations since 2007 “from nearly every state in the nation that houses an immigration detention facility.”[11] Though by law, ICE is supposed to release its data on sexual abuse and assault every year, they do not. “The agency has never done so,” explains the Intercept. In fact, “ICE didn’t begin to properly record sexual abuse and assault data” until 2014 when it was court ordered; “more than a decade after the agency was established.”
CIVIC, a civil legal organization, and the Intercept documented what it took to learn of systemic, institutional abuse in U.S. detention. “The Intercept and CIVIC filed a public records request with ICE asking for all complaints and investigations of sexual and physical abuse in immigration detention. Despite repeated follow-ups, ICE never complied with the request. A similar public records request filed with the Department of Homeland Security’s Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties also went unanswered. Only the results of a third FOIA request, filed with the DHS Office of Inspector General, which is tasked with independently reviewing the department’s various agencies, including ICE, led to the reports obtained.” The data was dystopian.
CIVIC learned: of the 33,126 formal complaints of sexual and physical abuse reported by detainees held under DHS agencies from 2010 until 2016, less than 1% of abuse cases were investigated.[12] CIVIC also discovered that of the 1,016 complaints of sexual abuse filed by detainees between May 2014 and July 2016, the DHS “investigated only 24—or 2.4 %—of those cases.[13] As the organization Just Detention notes: “That means that, on average, more than one sexual assault report went through OIG per day during that two-year period.” Of the 24 sexual abuse cases that the OIG investigated, they “substantiated” only seven cases as valid.
OIG documents show that of the 1,016 cases alleging sexual abuse in detention, 719 of them were perpetrated by detention staff. In 411 of the cases, “an officer either directly witnessed the alleged abuse or was made aware” of the abuse; and in 269 cases, a detention officer was identified as the “perpetrator and at least one additional officer as witness” to the crime. As the Intercept reported: “In the reports, detainees describe alleged assault and harassment ranging from brutal gang rape to sexually explicit verbal abuse. They also detail widespread institutional indifference, when not outright complicity, in response to that abuse.”[14]
The depravity of abuse is beginning to mirror horrors from nazi-led concentration camps. Parents in detention report being told by guards that their child is being taken to bathe, and then their children never return.[15] In a Washington State detention center run by GEO Group, a male detainee was repeatedly raped and assaulted by a fellow detainee in front of GEO Officers who did nothing to stop the violence, even as he was stabbed by a ballpoint pen. After he defended himself, GEO Officers put him in segregation and “mocked him.” A female detainee in Washington State “was raped by a medical worker and a private facility contractor” after she sought medical help. “In Texas, a Border Patrol agent driving detainees between detention centers pulled over and let a woman get out after she performed oral sex on him,” according to reported complaints.”[16] There is no telling what has gone on unreported in these decades.
At the Hutto detention center in Taylor, Texas a 23-year-old from El Salvador named Laura Monterrosa who reported being repeatedly sexually assaulted by a female guard was then “mentally and emotionally tortured by ICE and private prison officials.” She became suicidal after their retaliation and humiliation but was released in March 2018 after 45 members of U.S. Congress signed a letter in her support [17] The T. Don Hutto Correctional Facility was opened by CCA (which later changed its name to CoreCivic) in 1997 to be a medium security prison, but lower U.S. crime rates meant a drop in their shares. CCA was about to close when 9/11 occurred. By May 2006, CCA reopened Hutto as a family detention facility. Women’s Refugee Commission and Lutheran Services, on the front lines of refugee support, released a 2007 report documenting detainee conditions of the largely women, and children under age of 12.[18]
Among the cases confirmed by the Intercept: In 2007 at Hutto “a guard at the center assaulted a detained woman, ‘while her son was sleeping in his crib inside the cell.’ In 2008, the DHS found that the center failed to comply with ICE standards.” The abuse, of course, grew worse. “In 2011, a male guard sexually assaulted eight women he was transporting from the center—despite an agreement between ICE and private operator Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) that detainees would only be transported by guards of the same gender.” [19]
Of all the documented sexual assault complaints at the 76 immigration detention centers that CIVIC discovered, “five facilities had the most sexual assault complaints between October 2012 and March 2016. Those immigration detention centers are operated by either one of two private contractors, CoreCivic or the GEO Group.”[20] NBC News discovered: “Of the 76 detention centers where sexual assault was documented, the top five with the most complaints are run by private detention centers”; three of those were operated by the GEO Group. NBC and many others underscored what, at minimum, should be done: “The ultimate goal for Congress should be to establish a bipartisan National Prison Rape Elimination Commission whose sole job would be to look deeper into these investigations.”[21] But there is nothing that proves criminal intent so much as the impunity resulting after such perpetual, institutional crimes.
The National Immigrant Justice Center was given permission to review 105 immigrant facilities and concluded that: “ICE’s inspections perpetuate and obscure abuse at immigration detention centers around the U.S.”[22] Such systemic abuse appears easier to hide than admit or resolve. ICE claims to investigate all complaints of criminal abuse but Intercept discovered: “Between 2012 and 2017, ICE found that only 160, or 12%, of complaints were ‘substantiated,’ while 793, or 59%, were ‘unsubstantiated,’ and 345, or 26%, were ‘unfounded.’”[23] CIVIC learned that of the rest of the sexual abuse cases ICE investigated and dismissed, “all of the complaints were either marked as ‘unfounded,’ ‘closed,’ ‘not referred to management,’ or ‘unsubstantiated.’”
Just one such case investigated by ICE and found ‘unsubstantiated’ was that of “a young girl under 18 at the Karnes Detention Center in Texas who had filed a complaint about sexual assault.” A medical examination of the abused 12-year-old “showed indications of a sexually transmitted disease and vaginal scarring. Despite physical evidence, ICE declared the allegation of sexual abuse ‘unfounded.’” Christina Fialho, CIVIC cofounder, summarized recent ICE findings following the CIVIC immigrant detention investigations: “There was only one complaint that was marked ‘substantiated’; the complaint was lodged by a detained individual about being touched inappropriately and offered marijuana by a contracted facility officer.”[24]
It’s exceedingly self-evident that ICE cannot police itself, nor does it police the abuse of families held in detention in the private prisons that they contract. In fact, ICE appears to be trying to destroy the evidence. August 2017, the ACLU learned that ICE made a request of “the National Archives and Record Administration, or NARA—the agency tasked with maintaining government records and making them accessible to the public—to begin destroying a variety of records of its detention operations, including those related to sexual assault, solitary confinement and death in custody.” [25] On Dec. 2017, “71 members of Congress signed a letter calling on the departments of Justice and Homeland Security to appoint a special commission to investigate allegations of sexual abuse in immigration detention, and urging the DHS to publicly release data on sexual assault and other abuse that the agency is seeking to destroy.”[26]
After which the ACLU and nine other organizations wrote DHS Officials: “Denouncing ICE’s failure to comply with the detention standards set by Congress. In the letter, they criticized the agency’s ‘unregulated self-assessment’ and added that ‘a close look at the inspections themselves reveals alarming evidence that they are sham assessments.’”[27] In 2018, for the first time in U.S. history, the FBI stepped in to investigate one case of abuse in federal detention, that of Laura Monterrosa who was able to get 45 congressmembers to agree they cared.[28]
Sexual abuse in detention affects not just the women and children. As reported in April 2017 by the Houston Chronicle: “More than 80% of those immigrants who complained to the Inspector General about sexual abuse or assault in detention centers since 2014 were men.” Douglas Menjivar, with no criminal history, “arrived in Texas on May 19, 2013 from El Salvador, where he had received death threats after assisting police in an investigation.” Kept in detention for two years as he pleaded his asylum, Menjivar was repeatedly and brutally raped by male inmates. After reporting the rapes and suffering a serious head injury as he fled, he was mocked by the ICE supervisor taking his report of abuse, left in his cell and denied medical treatment.
Houston Chronicle reported that a few “weeks later, Menjivar participated in a hunger strike,” at the Joe Corley Detention Facility in Conroe, Texas. He and other inmates were complaining of conditions at Corley “where detainees worked for $1 a day and had been fed spoiled food. During the strike he met Houston nurse and activist Hope Sanford,” who urged him to again report the assaults and seek treatment. Menjivar eventually received treatment for his head injury, blurred vision and headaches, and after medical and mental examinations was “diagnosed with a sexually-transmitted disease and with post-traumatic stress disorder.”
Though his case remains undecided, Menjivar is now eligible for a U-Visa, granted to some U.S. victims of heinous crimes. Though he should have legally been eligible for bond or parole to await his asylum immigration hearing on the outside, being productive, instead of in abusive and costly detention. Menjvar could have been released until his trial, innocent until proven guilty by a legitimate court of law. [29] Such sham proceedings are perpetual; like Operation Streamline, which criminalizes hundreds of people at once, in federal courthouses all along our southern border; often committing them to lengthy prison sentences prior to deportation.[30]
The co-ed Eloy immigrant detention center in Arizona, run by CCA/CoreCivic, is one of the largest in the U.S. with 1,596 beds. From 2003 to 2015 there were 14 immigrant deaths at Eloy and five suicides. Most hung themselves with sheets or shoelaces. One suicide in 2015 swallowed a plastic handle and then a sock.[31] Private prisons even run state jails.
In 2013, the Texas Observer called Dawson State Jail for nonviolent offenders, run by the CCA, “the worst state jail in Texas.” One of the 14 recorded deaths during that period was baby Gracie. Her mother, Autumn Miller, a U.S. citizen, was serving a one-year sentence “for violating probation on a drug-possession charge.” Miller, mother of three, realized she was pregnant while serving her sentence but was denied a pregnancy test. When Miller cried for medical attention, going into premature labor, CCA guards ignored her. Autumn Miller delivered ‘baby Gracie’ by herself “into a prison toilet. Gracie lived four days.”[32]
Texas Law Review documented the birth: Miller thought at first that she would be left to bleed and die in her cell after giving birth alone, when CCA guards entered and her preemie infant was taken. “When Miller—a nonviolent criminal who turned herself in—finally got medical attention, her arms and feet were handcuffed while in the ambulance and at the hospital, even after a doctor requested the removal of her shackles.” It appears that the U.S. Bureau of Prisons (BOP) has no real problem with shackling all mothers, even during birth. “As for Autumn Miller, she was sent back to Dawson within an hour of her daughter’s death, harassed by guards, and placed in solitary confinement on suicide watch,” reported Texas Law Review.[33]
ACLU was able, by 2008, to get the BOP to change the shackling policy: “The ACLU welcomes the Bureau of Prisons' recent policy change barring the shackling of pregnant inmates in federal prisons in all but the most extreme circumstances. This new policy represents a sea change in the United States, where the shackling of pregnant women during transport, labor, and even delivery has long been routine in jails and prisons. Currently, only California, Illinois, and Vermont have enacted state laws restricting the practice of shackling pregnant women. By contrast, international human rights bodies have repeatedly expressed concern.”[34]
Yet by 2020, it seems nothing much in reality had changed. "Pregnant incarcerated women continue to be shackled–in prison, while being transported, during labor, and in the postpartum days at the hospital they may share with the baby,” documented Harvard Law ‘Bill of Health’ site. “Michele Aldana, who was serving time for a drug offense when she gave birth, was shackled throughout her thirty-hour labor while her ankles and wrists bled. ‘I felt like a farm animal,’ she explained. Eight times as many women are incarcerated today as in 1980, and 1,400 women are estimated to give birth each year while incarcerated,” the Harvard blog read.
A decade after the ACLU “win,” the practice of BOP and ICE shackling mothers continued. The 2018 “First Step Act included a prohibition on shackling prisoners in federal prisons,” explained the Harvard site in March 2020, “except where the correctional officer felt shackling was necessary to prevent serious harm or escape. At the state level, laws are variable. Thirty-two states have some form of restriction on pregnant shackling, but only thirteen ban it broadly throughout pregnancy, labor, postpartum, and during transport; only nine states cover juveniles; only twenty states allow the physician to immediately remove the restraints if necessary; and only nine require that correctional staff stand outside the room for privacy considerations during childbirth. South Carolina is the latest to consider legislation prohibiting shackling of pregnant prisoners, in a bill currently before the state senate. Even where the practice is banned, it still occurs. The lack of accountability after the passage of anti-shackling laws is considerable...”[35] Imagine, if you can, how much less American Immigrant and U.S. Refugee mothers matter, if even U.S. Citizen mothers continue to mean so very little.
In New Mexico, CCA’s Cibola Creek Correctional Center was about to be shut down in 2016 for wrongful deaths and medical negligence to its federal inmate population. But ICE decided to move immigrant detainees into this prison and have CCA continue to run it. ACLU counsel said: “CCA is literally operating a revolving door—shuttling out prisoners one month, shuttling in immigration detainees the next month… It’s astonishing that a prison that was found unfit and unsuitable for federal prisoners is now going to be used to lock up immigration detainees.”[36]
In Feb. 2018, congress members from Texas formally urged ICE: “to take immediate action to eradicate sexual assault and abuse in its detention centers. Their letter, which was joined by over 40 colleagues, requests ICE officials to direct an investigation into its handling of sexual assault cases in Texas immigration detention facilities, share the results of this investigation with Members of Congress, and conduct an expedited Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) audit of T. Don Hutto Residential Center in Taylor, Texas.” This never occurred.
After federal courts forced Hutto to end family detention in 2009, since imprisoning children for more than 20 days violates current U.S. law, the Hutto facility began holding only adult females. In 2015, female detainees went on hunger strikes at Hutto. One mother said: “’It gives me much pleasure to participate in this hunger strike… I am dying of desperation, of this injustice, of this cruelty. We are immigrants, not criminals. To treat us like this—they must have no heart, they are of iron—as if we are not human. They treat us like dogs.’ Maribel, in the T. Don Hutto Detention Center, Taylor, Texas, October, 2015.”[37] Run by CCA/CoreCivic, in mid 2018 Williamson County commissioners voted 4 to 1 to end their contract with ICE and Hutto, noting the “vote to terminate the contract does not mean the facility would be closed as the federal government or private owners can keep the center open.” Hutto, they stated, was holding at least 35 mothers who were separated from their own children by officials at the U.S. border.[38]
The latest revelations about detainee abuse in ICE centers, just published by ProPublica, notes these centers are being run “mostly through contractors at a taxpayer expense of almost $2.7 billion,” annually. They also reported the following: “About 14,700 complaints alleging sexual and physical abuse were lodged against ICE between 2010 and 2016, according to federal data obtained by the advocacy group Freedom for Immigrants. The group found that only a small fraction were investigated by the Office of Inspector General. In 2018, the most updated statistics available online, ICE reported 374 formal accusations of sexual assault, of which 48 were substantiated by the agency and 29 remained pending an investigation as of that year.”[39]
Texan House of Rep. Lloyd Doggett wrote: “Complaints of sexual abuse by guards and subsequent retaliation by ICE following victim grievances are disturbing and unacceptable… Many of these victims are refugees seeking asylum, fleeing prior traumatic experiences. Basic human decency requires that they not be abused here. Our questions are designed to ensure some accountability for these disturbing allegations of sexual and physical abuse. ICE should respect and protect immigrants’ human rights.”[40] Tragically, ICE clearly does not.
Though of all the institutional depravity and systemic abuse, nothing can prepare one for the systemic abuse committed against the youngest and most vulnerable of stateless immigrants. [Continued in Pt. II: Sadistic Abuse of American Immigrant & Refugee Children.]
When men have departed from the right way, it is no wonder that they stumble and fall… however well adapted it might appear to you, it is, nevertheless, a jumble of good and bad put unwisely together, and the conclusion drawn therefrom, both unnatural and unjust.
-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776
1. Gabriela C. Romeri, originally from Argentina, has an MA in writing from Johns Hopkins U. and a passion for immigrant and human justice. Her published work was featured in America the Jesuit journal, Dr. Eckleberg, by Orbis Books, Paycock Press and No More Deaths.org, among others. Her bilingual journalism for Maryknoll and Misioneros magazines won her national awards from the Catholic Press Association. She's worked for the past five years, in NY and then FL, to provide immigrant families with legal resources and translation during this critical time. Ms. Romeri currently volunteers for the Sarasota Hispanic Democratic Caucus of Florida.
SOURCES
[1]https://www.propublica.org/article/ice-guards-systematically-sexually-assault-detainees-in-an-el-paso-detention-center-lawyers-say?utm_source=sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=majorinvestigations&utm_content=feature
[2] https://www.propublica.org/article/ice-guards-systematically-sexually-assault-detainees-in-an-el-paso-detention-center-lawyers-say?utm_source=sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=majorinvestigations&utm_content=feature See also: https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/politics/immigration/2020/05/28/370649/in-federal-suit-mexican-woman-says-she-and-two-others-were-raped-by-houston-immigration-officers-before-deportation/ See also https://newsroompr.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/filemarkedcomplaint.pdf
[3] https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/25/detained-and-risk/sexual-abuse-and-harassment-united-states-immigration-detention See also: http://www.privateci.org/reports_files/US_%20Deaths%20in%20Immigration%20Detention%20_%20Human%20Rights%20Watch.html See also: https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/americas/united-states See also: https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/blog/2159-the-tragic-cost-of-family-detention-sexual-abuse-and-assault
[4] https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/blog/2159-the-tragic-cost-of-family-detention-sexual-abuse-and-assault
[5] https://www.amnestyusa.org/most-dangerous-journey-what-central-american-migrants-face-when-they-try-to-cross-the-border/ See also: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/central-america-migrants-rape_n_5806972 See also: https://splinternews.com/is-rape-the-price-to-pay-for-migrant-women-chasing-the-1793842446
[6] https://theintercept.com/2018/04/11/immigration-detention-sexual-abuse-ice-dhs/ See also: https://www.maldef.org/timeline/march-30-2018/ See also: https://www.kut.org/post/questions-arise-about-sexual-assault-findings-texas-detention-center
[7] http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol65/issue2/65-2-Sthanki.pdf See also: http://www.privateci.org/reports_files/US_%20Deaths%20in%20Immigration%20Detention%20_%20Human%20Rights%20Watch.html
[8] https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=bjcfcl#:~:text=Private%20prisons%20are%20not%20subject,certain%20records%20from%20government%20agencies.
[9] https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/blog/2159-the-tragic-cost-of-family-detention-sexual-abuse-and-assault See also: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Corrections_Corporation_of_America See also: https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/25/detained-and-risk/sexual-abuse-and-harassment-united-states-immigration-detention See also: https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2012/apr/15/state-by-state-prisoner-rape-and-sexual-abuse-round-up/ See also: https://www.propublica.org/article/by-the-numbers-the-u.s.s-growing-for-profit-detention-industry See also:
[10] https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/americas/united-states See also: https://www.thenation.com/article/federal-officials-ignored-years-of-internal-warnings-about-deaths-at-private-prisons/
[11] https://www.aclu.org/news/documents-obtained-aclu-show-sexual-abuse-immigration-detainees-widespread-national-problem
[12] https://justdetention.org/in-detention-centers-97-percent-of-rape-accusations-met-by-silence-report-says/
[13] https://justdetention.org/in-detention-centers-97-percent-of-rape-accusations-met-by-silence-report-says/ See also: http://www.endisolation.org/sexual-assault-in-immigration-detention/ See also:
https://apnews.com/c9b671b206060f2e9654f0a4eaeb6388; See also:
https://apnews.com/10e1f2c57b819209c3574a3b6460a038; See also:
[14] https://theintercept.com/2018/04/11/immigration-detention-sexual-abuse-ice-dhs/
[15] https://www.businessinsider.com/border-agents-use-baths-to-separate-kids-from-parents-2018-6 See also: https://people.com/politics/migrant-parents-separated-children-getting-baths/ See also: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-border-patrol-immigrants-family-separation-ice-children-separation-a8394326.html
[16] https://justdetention.org/detained-then-violated/
[17] https://justdetention.org/detained-then-violated/ See also: https://doggett.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/reps-doggett-castro-seek-accountability-detention-center-sexual-assault
[18] https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/images/zdocs/famdeten.pdf
[19] https://theintercept.com/2018/04/11/immigration-detention-sexual-abuse-ice-dhs/
[20] https://justdetention.org/in-detention-centers-97-percent-of-rape-accusations-met-by-silence-report-says/
[21] https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/sexual-assaults-immigration-detention-centers-don-t-get-investigated-says-n745616
[22] http://immigrantjustice.org/press_releases/new-report-exposes-how-ice%E2%80%99s-inspections-perpetuate-and-obscure-abuse-immigration-det
[23] https://theintercept.com/2018/04/11/immigration-detention-sexual-abuse-ice-dhs/
[24] https://rewire.news/article/2017/12/12/fbi-intervenes-sexual-assault-allegations-texas-immigrant-detention-center/ See also: https://doggett.house.gov/sites/doggett.house.gov/files/wysiwyg_uploaded/LD_Castro_JointLetter_ICE_Sexual_Assault_Investigations.2.26.18.pdf
[25] https://www.aclu.org/letter/immigration-detention-accountability-and-transparency-obligations-imposed-fy2018-omnibus
[26] https://theintercept.com/2018/04/11/immigration-detention-sexual-abuse-ice-dhs/ See also: https://grijalva.house.gov/uploads/2017_12_18_DHS_Nielsen_Sexual%20Assault%20in%20ICE%20facilities5.pdf
[27] https://www.aclu.org/letter/immigration-detention-accountability-and-transparency-obligations-imposed-fy2018-omnibus
[28]https://doggett.house.gov/sites/doggett.house.gov/files/wysiwyg_uploaded/LD_Castro_JointLetter_ICE_Sexual_Assault_Investigations.2.26.18.pdf
[29] https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Group-claims-ICE-ignores-claims-of-sexual-assault-11069820.php
[30] http://forms.nomoredeaths.org/resources/reading/
[31] http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/investigations/2015/07/28/eloy-detention-center-immigrant-suicides/30760545/
[32] http://www.newsweek.com/operators-americas-largest-immigrant-detention-center-have-history-inmate-293632 See also: http://www.dallasnews.com/news/news/2013/03/11/inmate-who-gave-birth-to-baby-in-toilet-files-suit-alleging-cruel-and-unusual-punishment-at-dawson-state-jail
[33] http://texastechlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/Parker.PUBLISHED.pdf
[34] https://www.aclu.org/blog/bureau-prisons-revises-policy-shackling-pregnant-inmates See also: https://www.aclu.org/other/aclu-briefing-paper-shackling-pregnant-women-girls-us-prisons-jails-youth-detention-centers See also: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/12/05/673757680/federal-legislation-seeks-ban-on-shackling-of-pregnant-inmates See also: https://www.acog.org/-/media/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/co511.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20181127T2224345171
[35] https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2020/03/04/shackling-of-pregnant-prisoners-is-ongoing/
[36] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/the-justice-department-closed-this-troubled-private-prison-immigration-authorities-are-reopening-it/2016/10/27/6e52855e-9b87-11e6-a0ed-ab0774c1eaa5_story.html?utm_term=.cc859beb7fa8
[37] http://womenontheborder.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Migrants-Resist-Systemic-Discrimination-and-Dehumanization-in-Pri.pdf
[38] https://communityimpact.com/austin/georgetown/city-county/2018/06/26/williamson-county-cuts-ties-with-ice-t-don-hutto-detention-center/
[39]https://www.propublica.org/article/ice-guards-systematically-sexually-assault-detainees-in-an-el-paso-detention-center-lawyers-say?utm_source=sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=majorinvestigations&utm_content=feature
[40] https://doggett.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/reps-doggett-castro-seek-accountability-detention-center-sexual-assault
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